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面对冷漠无感,选区如何划分?个人信息如何保护?


面对冷漠无感的选民,行动党在选区划分上,如何做到尽善尽美,确保胜选优势?在执行选区划分时,又如何确保个人信息受到保护?个人隐私有所保障?

国会在10月份,已经通过相关法案,因此,个人信息保护法令即将实施,但是这应该不会对选区划分造成任何影响。因为,这个法令只是涉及私人领域,政府部门不受影响#1

所以,信息保护法令不会影响行动党每次大选前的前期工作:单选区和集选区的重新划分。这个由行动党主导的选区划分,次次都被在野党批评,是行动党胜选的准备工作,为行动党铺路,争取好成绩。

看来也的确如此。

以下举19881991,四个单选区的 情形说明一下。为何巴耶利峇单选区在1991年的大选被取消。如果,没有被取消,在野党候选人中选的机会几乎是100%,怪只怪在1988年,巴耶利峇选民强出头,过早的暗示这个选区行动党的优势不再。

19881991年大选四个单选区的在野党战绩:

巴耶利峇
义顺中
武吉甘柏
后港
1988
47.6%
42.4%@
46.5%
41%
1991
取消
50.3%
51.4%
51.4%
1991年中选政党
加入集选区
民主党
民主党
工人党
@三角战 www.singapore-elections.com

同理,友诺士集选区,静山集选区,为何在大选过后被取消呢?我们现在等着看波东巴西,如切单选区,东海岸集选区会不会步上以上这些选区的命运,在 2016年被取消掉。

冷漠无感中划分选区,对行动党更为有利?

行动党要在选区划分中取得好成绩,取得优势,就一定要知道选民的背景,投票的倾向,家庭,个人的资料等等。这些资料在一定程度上,就和个人信息保护法令有关。那么,为何法令不包括政府部门呢?政府的解释是,政府部门和法定机构现有的法律,比个人信息保护法令更为严格,因此,不受到这条法令的影响和限制。#1

这是不是此地无银三百两?这是个玩笑还是借口?

千划分,万划分,行动党政府还是要面对世界上最冷漠无感的新加坡选民。冷漠无感会对选区划分造成压力而错判局势吗?选区划分会不会因为选民城府太深,而做出错误的判断呢?

还是,冷漠无感却能做出最理性的判断。利益的得失,损害的程度,都以功利主义作为衡量的标准,只要对症下药,就能取得佳绩。所以,就有组屋提升计划。

一个不能否定的事实就是,如果没有选区划分,没有集选区的保护,国会就不会出现一面倒的情形。2011年大选,40%反对票,竟然只有不到7%的反对党议员。我们需要反思的是,虽然选民冷漠无感,选区划分和集选区的确让行动党得了甜头,坐了顺风车。

现代数据分析更精准,政府会公器私用吗?

英国广播公司最近有几则报道:电脑的大量数据以及快速的运算,有助私人机构了解客户的消费行为,例如,从妇女在超市的购物(25种产品)中,可以知道这个女人是否是怀孕。人们和餐馆可以预先知道客户当天要吃些什么东西。对于拥有大量数据的政府,当然也可以进行类似的分析,或许选区划分就是根据这些原则来进行工作的。

当然,私人机构也可以为政党服务。只要给他们钱,就可以委托他们做分析,从消费心理看投票心理。欧巴马在竞选连任时,就用了不少这些资料,例如,举办一些演唱会,叫一些选民希望看到的歌手出席,来拉近选民,吸引他们投票。

当然,这是美国,民主党这么做,共和党也能这么做。他们都在公开的做,只要有钱,就有私人机构愿意为你服务。

新加坡的选举不是这样。有钱也不能做(当然,在野党也根本没有这个财力)。因此,政府既然拥有巨大的信息资源,就很有可能被人怀疑公器私用,不单在国家管理上,可以动用这些信息,在选区划分上,在选区拨款上,在对某类选民的政策上,也会有所取舍。

工人党议员陈硕茂在国会辩论个人信息保护法案时,提出政府部门不受个人信息保护法令的影响。
It expressly carves out the application of personal data protection laws to public agencies that collect, use or disclose our personal data:#2

虽然,根据报道#1政府部门对个人信息的保护比个人信息保护法令来得更为严格。但是,从选区划分有利行动党的胜选看来,冷漠无感的新加坡选民,是有理由怀疑行动党在公器私用信息。

我们更加要注意的是,这个不受个人信息保护法令限制的还不包括政府部门。为政府办事的私人机构也可以不在这个法令的管辖之下。 
As an extension, the personal data protection laws will also not apply to private organisations when they act on behalf of a public agency.#2

 我们不能把个人信息保护法令看成是单单几个私人公司,随意发几个短信,几个电邮,甚至为何有人知道我的地产,我的婚姻状况这么简单。法令也有一些预想不到的用处和例外,我们很多人根本就不知道。

在这里,冷漠无感,或许是一个优势。冷漠无感到令人无法捉摸,令选区划分无处下手,令行动党找不到踪迹,这才是最高明,最冷漠无感的新加坡人。

回看2011年,冷漠无感所带出了的理智,才是行动党失掉第一个集选区的真正原因。

#1
The Act covers all private sector organisations engaged in data activities within Singapore.

The public sector is not governed by the new law, as it already has its own data protection rules which are stricter than the new law in some cases.

http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1231456/1/.html

#2
The Bill allows for various other exemptions. For example, an organization may collect, use or disclose personal data without having to comply with the data protection laws if doing so is “necessary in the national interest”. Or if the collection, use or disclosure of personal data is “necessary to respond to an emergency that threatens the life or safety of that individual or another individual”.  Or if the personal data is “publicly available”.  Or if the use or disclosure of personal data is “necessary for any investigation or proceedings”.
These exemptions would have been helpful in providing some flexibility to organisations, such as government agencies, when dealing with the interests of the public in specific cases. Unfortunately, this Bill will not apply to public agencies.  It expressly carves out the application of personal data protection laws to public agencies that collect, use or disclose our personal data: these include government ministries, tribunals and upon notification by the Minister, statutory boards like the PA and the HDB.  As an extension, the personal data protection laws will also not apply to private organisations when they act on behalf of a public agency.
http://wp.sg/2012/10/speech-on-data-protection-bill-mp-chen-show-mao/

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